NCTJ Essential Media Law Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What are the four clauses that must be met for journalists to benefit from qualified privilege?
• Which kind of proceedings might be impacted by contempt of court?
• What principle underlies the prosecution of strict liability contempt?
• What requirement does section 5 of the Ofcom code impose on broadcasters?
• What type of works does copyright protect?
• What is the general rule for lifting stories?
• What is referred to as 'doorstopping' in journalism?
• What do summary proceedings involve?
• To whom do interim injunctions apply?
• Can anonymity orders under section 45 apply to a deceased child?
• What kind of content typically does not require permission to be copied?
• Which section deals with the automatic anonymity of juveniles in proceedings?
• Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
• What does the section 3 defence of innocent publication to contempt entail?
• What must a broadcaster or author demonstrate to qualify for the innocent dissemination defense?
• Which of the following individuals can be protected under section 49 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933?
• What is the meaning of 'leave and license' in defamation cases?
• Does the claimant have to prove that the statement in a defamation case was false?
• Can you infringe copyright by hyperlinking to another publisher's public material?
• What must online providers do to avoid contempt?
• Where must one apply to obtain an injunction?
• What is required for an opinion to be considered under the honest opinion defense?
• Are journalists allowed into youth courts?
• Which IPSO Editor's Code clause discourages journalists from using subterfuge?
• What is the general procedure regarding defamatory comments once someone becomes aware of them online?
• In legal terms, what is a 'summary offence'?
• What is the core purpose of the Criminal Justice Act 1925 in relation to court activities?
• What action must a journalist take upon receiving information indicating misconduct?
• Can you identify a juvenile who is given a CBO?
• Who typically owns the copyright for journalistic articles or photos?
• What does the COCA define as 'publication'?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding copyright in news articles?
• What is a condition that can lead to lifting the anonymity order?
• Which is NOT one of the eight situations that qualify material for public interest?
• Which of the following is NOT a remedy for copyright infringement?
• What happens if no arrest is made within 12 months?
• What does 'quality of confidence' refer to?
• Under what condition can police seize film or cameras from journalists?
• Where does absolute privilege apply in the context of defamation law?
• What happens if a juvenile involved in legal proceedings turns 18?
• What does 'strict liability contempt' involve?
• Are members of the public allowed to attend youth courts?
• What does the term innuendo refer to in defamation?
• In the scenario of copyright infringement, what can destroy a claim for infringement?
• What do courts effectively manage through section 4 of the COCA 1981?
• What must be considered for a publication to be eligible for public interest defense?
• Which act offers anonymity to victims of female genital mutilation?
• Clause 8 of the Editor's Code requires journalists to do what when pursuing inquiries in hospitals?
• What action is expected from editors regarding non-compliant material?
• Why is the risk of contempt lower in civil cases?
• What aspect of reporting does 'cessation of publication' typically refer to?
• What action does a moral right give to the creator of a work?
• What does the section 5 discussion of public affairs defence to contempt convey?
• How many defences to contempt exist under the relevant legislation?
• Who is considered the 'first owner' of copyright for a literary work?
• Can you identify a juvenile who is given an ASBI?
• What does clause 6 of the Editor's Code say regarding children of celebrities?
• What type of order can magistrates impose under s39 of the CYPA 1933?
• What should be done to police appeals after the arrest of a wanted person?
• What does 'licencing' copyrighted work to someone else mean?
• What describes the type of reporting expected in trial coverage?
• When does a civil case become active?
• What is NOT allowed to be published during a trial?
• What is a super-injunction?
• What condition applies to identifying juveniles under a CBO?
• What is the primary focus of a behaviour order?
• Which of the following best describes the protection against the media in a super-injunction?
• What role does the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 play for juveniles?
• Which act provides anonymity for victims of human trafficking?
• What is the single publication rule in defamation cases?
• What is a primary concern when balancing Article 8 and Article 10 ECHR?
• When does lifelong anonymity for victims/alleged victims of sex offences start?
• According to clause 3 of the Editor's Code, what must journalists do regarding harassment?
• What section of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 covers the 'fair dealing' defence?
• What kind of works are NOT covered by the 'fair dealing' defence?
• Which principle is key to ensuring fair reporting according to media ethics?
• Which of the following details cannot typically be disclosed when reporting a sex offence?
• What is a journalist's responsibility when reporting on potentially defamatory statements?
• In a defamation case, what must the claimant prove?
• What is the 'moral right' defence under s85 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988?
• What does 'contra mundum' mean in terms of injunctions?
• In copyright law, what does 'fair use' typically allow?
• Which of the following can be considered a copyright infringement?
• How can jigsaw identification be avoided?
• What must be true for a report to qualify under the fair and accurate reporting defence?
• What is 'jigsaw identification'?
• In breach of confidence, what constitutes unauthorized use?
• In what circumstance can discussions about public affairs be exempt from contempt?
• Which two articles from the ECHR are balanced under section 12 of the Human Rights Act 1998 when considering an injunction?
• Why is jigsaw identification problematic for anonymity?
• Under what circumstances can the right to privacy be infringed according to Article 8 ECHR?
• Which of the following indicates that a criminal case is no longer active?
• Which section of the Human Rights Act 1998 requires courts to consider public interest when addressing injunctions?
• What is the purpose of the defamation law?
• What is required by law if a journalist wishes to use material obtained through subterfuge?
• What authority does section 4(2) of the COCA 1981 grant to courts?
• Does lifelong anonymity for victims of sex offences apply to deceased victims?
• What is the typical outcome when a defendant successfully invokes 'truth' as a defence in a defamation case?
• According to clause 1 of the Editor's Code, what must the press distinguish between?
• What defense is available under EU law if a reader's comment is unlawful?
• Which defense is particularly useful in the context of live broadcasts?
• Can a s45 anonymity order be granted on a lifelong basis?
• Are journalists allowed to record their own phone calls?
• What does copyright NOT protect?
• Which type of material is considered prejudicial during a trial?
• At what age does the anonymity granted by section 49 cease?
• Do journalists have absolute privilege concerning parliamentary proceedings?
• What kind of information is permissible to publish during a trial?
• Which of the following elements is critical for upholding a claim of confidence?
• What is an inference in legal terms?
• What is the 'fair dealing' defence for copyright?
• What action could a broadcaster take to fulfill the requirements of the innocent dissemination defense?
• What does acquiescence mean in copyright context?
• Which of the following is an example of a defence against defamation claims?
• What types of information are prohibited from being published under section 49?
• What does section 49 prohibit publishing?
• How is repetition of libel treated under defamation law?
• Which defamation defence is applicable for moderated comments posted online?
• What must happen if an appeal leads to a retrial?
• What does clause 4 of the Editor's Code state about personal grief or shock?
• Why is there a lower risk of contempt once an appeal has been lodged?
• What do the IPSO and Ofcom codes say about fishing expeditions in journalism?
• What is the implication of a 'contra mundum' injunction on media organizations?
• Do s45 anonymity orders apply to civil and coroner's courts?
• What is NOT a remedy for breach of confidence?
• Which of the following is NOT an acceptable reason for hiding a journalist's identity in a story?
• What is a super-injunction?
• What does the 'fade factor' recognize?
• What is one possible remedy for copyright infringement?
• Can the public interest defence be used in cases of copyright infringement?
• What is a potential consequence of committing contempt of court?
• What constitutes a civil tort or criminal offence in copyright law?
• What is the primary function of section 49 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933?
• Which European directive can serve as a defence against unmoderated comments?
• What does it mean if a statement is said to be published?
• What status does a victim of a sex offence hold under the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992?
• What is required for 'fair dealing' to apply when using copyrighted material?
• What does the Criminal Justice Act 1925 prohibit?
• Which act guarantees victims/alleged victims of sex offences anonymity for life?
• Which defence can a publisher claim if they were unaware of ongoing proceedings?
• What must a defamatory statement be to qualify for the truth defense?
• Which act governs copyright law in the UK?
• How does common law contempt differ from strict liability contempt?
• What are the three elements of breach of confidence?
• What does 'public interest' include regarding an individual or organization?
• Under which act do juveniles receive anonymity in crown court proceedings?
• Which of the following best defines an 'either way' offence?
• Under which clause of the IPSO Editor's Code are journalists required to protect their sources?
• What is the rule for copyright of news stories?
• How must the publication be interpreted in a successful defamation claim?
• What is the consequence of defying an injunction?
• Does lifelong anonymity for victims/alleged victims of sex offences apply only in criminal courts?
• What does 'accord and satisfaction' mean in the context of defamation?
• What must be true for the truth defense to be used in a defamation case?
• What aspect is essential before applying the public interest defense?
• Under the Defamation Act 2013, what must a claimant prove for a successful defamation claim?
• What is a 'tort' in legal terms?
• According to clause 6 of the Editor's Code, what is required for interviewing children?
• Which act imposes automatic restrictions on reporting during preliminary hearings?
• Which of the following is a primary goal of the public interest defense?
• When does a criminal case become active?
• When does the anonymity under section 45 end for juveniles?
• Who owns the copyright to a commercial photograph taken before August 1989?
• What is required of reports regarding a trial?
• What does it mean when contempt of court is referred to as a 'strict liability' offence?
• Which of the following factors does NOT need to be proven by the claimant in a defamation case?
• What is a behaviour order?
• In which situation does qualified privilege of journalists apply?
• What is the primary authority defining the rules around contempt of court in the UK?
• What is the best practice to avoid mistaken identity in reporting court cases?
• What does clause 7 of the Editor's Code specify about victims or witnesses under 16 in sex offence cases?
• What factor is NOT considered by a court when determining if privacy was infringed?
• Under what circumstances could a section 49 anonymity order be lifted?
• Under which act can anonymity be granted to adult witnesses in fear or distress?
• What are the criteria for the section 4 fair and accurate reporting defence to contempt?
• Which guidelines state that police cannot stop journalists from photographing or filming in public?
• What factor must editors consider according to the Editor's Code in relation to privacy?
• What characterizes an 'indictable only' offence?
• Which scenario is NOT a condition for a criminal case to be active?
• What statutory protection does section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 provide?
• What should website owners do when they realize defamatory content is on their site?
• Which of the following represents a key test for the public interest defense in privacy cases?
• What does the term 'unauthorized access' refer to in media law?
• What must be present for information to be considered confidential?
• How long does copyright protection typically last?
• Which of the following is a requirement for the honest opinion defense in a defamation case?
• What is the general rule regarding the risk of group defamation?
• What is the minimum age of criminal responsibility?
• What does the term 'public interest' imply in the context of journalism?
• Which of the following is a defense to breach of confidence?
• What does clause 10 of the Editor's Code address regarding clandestine devices?
• Which condition does NOT belong to the honest opinion defense requirements?
• What is special about the statements listed in part 2 of the Schedule 1 of the Defamation Act 1996?
• Clause 2 of the Editor's Code concerns what aspect of journalism?
• Which of the following is a definition of defamation?
• What must be fulfilled for someone to successfully waive their right to anonymity in sex offence cases?
• What does section 9 of the COCA 1981 address?
• Which section of the COCA 1981 addresses strict liability contempt?
• Who owns the copyright to a speech?
• What is one reason to settle a defamation case out of court?
• What is often the first step to take when addressing a potential defamation issue online?
• Which is NOT a remedy for breach of privacy?
• What can happen if a statement is proven to be defamatory in court?
• At what age can individuals waive their anonymity in cases of sex offences?